信息化战争条件下的信息动员 刘传祥
人类社会已步入信息时代，战争形态正由机械化向信息化转变。在这样的背景下，加强信息动员建设，增强信息化战争的信息支撑能力，是十分重要的。
信息动员是指为了适应现代战争的需要，维护国家安全，平时依托国家信息产业发展，坚持在国家信息资源和信息技术人才开发、信息装备制造和信息基础设施建设等方面贯彻国防功能，以提高战时信息领域平战转换和信息攻防能力而进行的一系列活动。
信息动员是信息化战争条件下克敌制胜的重要保障，其对象主要包括：与国家安全相关的信息资源、研制生产信息化武器装备的科学技术及科研设备、带动国家和国防信息化建设的信息产业、从事信息技术开发和应用的人才、传输接收和处理信息的网络设备及基础设施、担负信息传播任务的媒体等。从目前情况看，信息动员主要涉及以下5大领域：
一是信息基础设施动员。国家信息基础设施（NII）是信息资源开发利用和信息技术应用的基础，是实施信息化战争中传递信息的重要平台。信息基础设施动员就是根据信息化战争对国家信息基础设施的依赖性，通过加强动员准备，增强国家信息基础设施军民兼容水平和战时抗毁能力，提高国家信息基础设施对信息化战争支撑能力的一系列活动。信息化战争所依托的系统离不开国家信息基础设施的有力支撑。在信息化战争中，任何一个国家，其NII都有可能转变成DII（国防信息设施），成为国防信息系统中的重要组成部分。美国防部的数据表明，美军95%的军事信息需要通过民用设施进行传输，有15万台以上的军用计算机通过民用网进行联络。美国在建设国防信息设施和国防全球栅格通信网（DGG）时，也都充分利用了现有国家信息基础设施，即用NII主干网作为DII的全球国防通信的主干网。
二是信息资源动员。信息资源是国民经济和社会发展的战略资源，也是打赢信息化战争的重要条件。信息资源动员就是通过数据标准的制定、信息资源的军民共享等，提高民用信息资源对军队作战系统的兼容与支持能力，为战争提供信息保障。国民经济各个领域建立的各类信息资源库，如交通信息数据库、地理测绘信息数据库、自然资源信息数据库、气象资料信息数据库、企业信息数据库等，在战争中都是军队作战系统所依赖的重要信息来源。随着社会信息化步伐的推进，各类信息资源库的数量有了很大发展。统计数据表明，到20世纪90年代中期，全球大型数据库已达到8500余个。其中，美国有1000多个，英国为658个，加拿大417个，德国325个，法国257个，日本114个，内容涉及社会各领域，使得信息动员建设变得越来越重要。
三是信息人才动员。信息人才是指涉及信息化研究、开发、生产、应用等方面的人员，是打赢信息化战争的关键因素。信息人才动员就是根据战争的需要，把与国防建设有关的信息产业、科研部门的技术人才组织起来，平时为经济建设和国防建设服务，战时参与支持战争行动的一系列活动。随着人类社会信息化的发展，信息企业、科研部门、教育部门等各类信息人才的数量和水平有了很大提高，在战争中的作用也越来越重要。世界各国都非常重视信息人才动员。美国为加强信息动员，在信息产业界及高等院校广纳人才。2003年7月，在赌城拉斯维加斯举行的共有5000多名电脑专业人员参加的“电脑黑客”大会，是美军近年来组织的规模最大的一次信息人才集会。信息人才动员的重点是依托地方各类信息科研机构、高等院校和信息产业部门，分层次对信息专家型人才、技能型人才进行动员，并按需求组建好信息作战、信息支援、信息保障等人才队伍。
四是信息技术动员。信息技术是研究开发信息的获取、传输、处理、存储调用、安全和综合应用等方面的工程技术。信息化战争的信息技术保障范围广、任务重、速度快、难度大，必须广泛开展信息技术动员。信息技术动员就是根据信息化战争的需要，将民用信息技术转为国防建设服务的一系列活动。在信息化时代，军用信息技术与民用信息技术的界限比较模糊，用于作战的信息技术也不再是军队所独有，大都可能来自民间，而且占优势的往往也可能是民用技术。例如，军用C3I、C4I的信息技术与NII的许多技术是相同的，包括SDNET技术、ATM技术、网络技术、信息管理技术、接入技术、操作系统技术、保密保安技术、编程技术、计算机技术，直至系统的主要元器件技术等都是通用的。这些民用信息技术不仅成本低、技术稳定性好，而且具有技术更新速度快的特点。美军就非常重视信息技术动员能力建设，全国有近2000所高等院校与国防部订有军事科研合同，承担了美军60%的基础研究项目和部分应用技术开发项目。
五是信息产业动员。信息产业指信息设备制造业和信息服务业。信息设备制造业包括计算机系统、通信设备、集成电路等制造业。信息服务业是指从事信息资源开发和利用的行业。信息设备制造业动员是按照信息化作战部队提出的需求，协调地方政府和相关企业突击生产前线急需的信息物资器材，并实时监控生产质量，确保产品达到军用标准的一系列活动。在战争中，由于与战争胜败有重大关系的重要装备，如计算机、通信设备等多是在民间开发和生产的，所以战时必然要通过信息产业动员，扩大战争所需信息装备的动员生产能力，为信息化战争提供有力的装备保障。美军为保持战时信息产业的强大动员能力，每年将军品订单中约90%的任务交给民用公司完成。在美国的1.6万多家民用电子公司中，就有大约6500家从事军品生产。信息服务业动员就是通过采取相应的政策措施使信息资源生产与利用更好地服务于战争的一系列活动。打赢信息化战争必须由信息服务业提供相应的信息资源支持。通过信息服务业动员可以更好地组织信息资源生产并夺取战争制新闻权，对于赢得战争主动权、争取民心、鼓舞士气具有重要作用。
Very Rough Mandarin Chinese Translation:
Information under conditions of information warfare Liu Chuanxiang
The human society has entered the information age, form of war from mechanization to information technology. In this context, the strengthening of information mobilization, enhanced information warfare support, it is very important.
Information mobilization order to adapt to the needs of modern warfare, the interests of national security, usually relying on the development of the national information industry, adhere to national defense in the national development of resources and information technology professionals, information equipment manufacturing and information infrastructure construction to improve the war when the field of information peacetime conversion and offensive and defensive capabilities of a series of activities.
Information mobilization is an important safeguard to defeat the enemy under the conditions of information warfare, its main targets include: national security-related information resources, development and production of information technology science and technology of the weapons and equipment and scientific equipment, driven by national and defense information construction industry, personnel engaged in the development and application of information technology, network equipment and infrastructure for transmission receiving and processing information, the task of the media responsible for the dissemination of information. Judging from the current situation, information mobilization involves the following five major areas:
First, the information infrastructure to mobilize. The National Information Infrastructure (NII) is the basis of the information resources development and utilization of information technology applications, is an important platform for the implementation of information warfare, relaying information. Information infrastructure to mobilize the dependence of the national information infrastructure is based on information warfare, by strengthening the mobilization preparations, enhance military and civilian compatible level of the national information infrastructure and the wartime survivability, improve the national information infrastructure for information warfare support capabilities a series of activities. Information warfare, relying on the system can not be separated from the strong support of the national information infrastructure. Information warfare, no country, its NII possible into DII (Defence Information Facility), and become an important part of the Defense Information Systems. The data show that of the United States Department of Defense, the U.S. 95% of military information needs to be transmitted through civilian facilities, there are more than 150,000 military computer through civilian network liaison. In the construction of defense facilities and defense global grid communication network (DGG), the United States also have full use of the existing national information infrastructure that is the backbone of the global defense communications as the DII NII backbone.
Information resource mobilization. Information resources is a strategic resource for national economic and social development, is also an important condition for winning the information war. Information resource mobilization through data standards, information sharing of the resources of the military and civilian war civilian information resources on military combat system compatible with the ability to support information assurance. Libraries of all kinds of information resources to establish economic spheres, such as traffic information database, geographic mapping information database, natural resources information database, meteorological data and information databases, enterprise information database, war army combat systems rely important information sources. With the social progress in the pace of information technology has made significant progress in the number of libraries of all types of information resources. The statistics show that, to the mid-1990s, the world has reached a large database of more than 8,500. Among them, the United States has more than 1000, 658 in Britain, 417 in Canada, 325 in Germany, 257 in France, 114 in Japan, covering all areas of society, mobilization becoming increasingly important.
Information talents mobilization. Information talent is the personnel involved in information technology research, development, production, application, is a key factor in winning the information war. The information professionals mobilization is based on the needs of the war, the information relating to the national defense construction industry, scientific research departments and technical personnel organization, usually for economic construction and national defense construction wartime participate in a series of activities to support the war action. As human society, the development of information technology, information enterprises, scientific research departments, the education sector and other types of information on the number and level of talent has been greatly improved, more and more important role in the war. The world countries attach great importance to information professionals mobilization. Mobilization to strengthen the information in the information industry and universities to recruit talent. "Computer hackers", held in Las Vegas in July 2003 a total of more than 5,000 computer professionals to participate in the General Assembly, the U.S. military organization in recent years, the largest assembly of information professionals. Information personnel mobilization focus is relying on scientific research institutions of all kinds of local information, mobilize the doors of colleges and universities and the Ministry of Information Industry, the different levels of expert talent, skilled personnel, and press the demand for the formation of good information operations, information support, information assurance personnel.
IT mobilization. IT is the research and development of information acquisition, transmission, processing, storage call, security and integrated applications engineering. A wide range of IT security information warfare, heavy task, speed, difficulty, and must carry out extensive IT mobilization. IT mobilization is based on the needs of information warfare, the civilian information technology into the service of national defense construction activities. Relatively vague in the information age, the limits of military information technology and civil IT, information technology is no longer used in combat is unique by the army, mostly likely to come from the private sector, and often dominant civilian technology. For example, the military C3I C4I IT NII many techniques are the same, including SDNET technology, ATM technology, network technology, information management technology, access technology, operating system technology, confidentiality, security technology, programming, computer technology, until the main components of the system are common. These civilian information technology not only low-cost, good stability technology, but also with fast technology updates. U.S. military attaches great importance to the IT mobilization capacity building, there are nearly 2,000 colleges and universities and the Department of Defense has military research contracts, took on the U.S. 60% of basic research projects and applied technology development project.
Information Industry mobilization. The information refers to information equipment manufacturing and information services industry. Information equipment manufacturing, including computer systems, communications equipment, integrated circuits manufacturing. The information service industry is engaged in the development and utilization of information resources industry. Information equipment manufacturing mobilization in accordance with the information technology needs of the combat troops, the coordination of the local government and related enterprises campaign production frontline urgently needed supplies and equipment, and real-time monitoring of the quality of the production, a series of activities to ensure that products meet the military standards. In the war, due to the significant relationship with the outcome of a war equipment, such as computers, communications equipment and other civil development and production, so the wartime bound to be mobilized by the information industry, to expand the war mobilization of the required information and equipment production. The ability to provide strong information warfare equipment support. U.S. military to maintain a powerful mobilization capacity for wartime information industry, the annual General goods orders in about 90% of the tasks to the completion of the civil company. In the United States more than 16,000 consumer electronics companies, there are about 6500 engaged in military production. The information services sector mobilization is through the adoption of appropriate policies and measures to make the production and utilization of information resources to better serve the war, a series of activities. Winning the information war must be information resources support provided by the information services industry. Can better organize information by the information services industry to mobilize resources to produce and to win the war made news right, play an important role in winning the war initiative, winning hearts and minds, boost morale.